<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2d1 20170631//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<ArticleSet>
  <Article>
    <Journal>
      <PublisherName>isfcppharmaspire</PublisherName>
      <JournalTitle>Pharmaspire</JournalTitle>
      <PISSN>C</PISSN>
      <EISSN>o</EISSN>
      <Volume-Issue>Volume 15, Issue 04, 2023</Volume-Issue>
      <PartNumber/>
      <IssueTopic>Multidisciplinary</IssueTopic>
      <IssueLanguage>English</IssueLanguage>
      <Season>October-December</Season>
      <SpecialIssue>N</SpecialIssue>
      <SupplementaryIssue>N</SupplementaryIssue>
      <IssueOA>Y</IssueOA>
      <PubDate>
        <Year>2024</Year>
        <Month>02</Month>
        <Day>17</Day>
      </PubDate>
      <ArticleType>Pharmacy Practice</ArticleType>
      <ArticleTitle>Effect of Azadirachta indica on Pheretima posthuma</ArticleTitle>
      <SubTitle/>
      <ArticleLanguage>English</ArticleLanguage>
      <ArticleOA>Y</ArticleOA>
      <FirstPage>230</FirstPage>
      <LastPage>235</LastPage>
      <AuthorList>
        <Author>
          <FirstName>Abdul</FirstName>
          <LastName>Quaiyoom</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>N</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
          <FirstName>Geetanjali</FirstName>
          <LastName>Kumari</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
          <FirstName>Alok Kumar</FirstName>
          <LastName>Aditya</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
          <FirstName>Ranjeet</FirstName>
          <LastName>Kumar</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
        </Author>
      </AuthorList>
      <DOI>10.56933/Pharmaspire.2023.15135</DOI>
      <Abstract>Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are worm infections that can be facilitated by one or more intestinal parasitic worms such as roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), hookworm (HW; Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), threadworm (Strongyloides stercoralis), and whipworm (Trichuris trichiura). More than two billion people are thought to be affected by STH infections globally. Eggs in human feces, which are commonly seen in low-resource countries, spread STH by contaminating the soil and water in unhygienic places. The transmission is by human exposures to the infective stages, either by direct skin penetration or through ingestion that could result in a serious illness, though infections remain asymptomatic in the majority of cases with light-intensity infections. Azadirachta indica, usually called Indian neem, has been extensively used in ayurveda, unani, and homoeopathic medicine since time immemorial. A. inidica has been used ethnopharmacologically to treat diseases such as cancer, diarrhea, gastric ulcers, wound infections, trypanosomiasis, malaria, and tuberculosis. A. indica leaf extracts in methanol were tested for their ability to treat Pheretima posthuma worms. From the experimental outcome, we find that the leaf extracts of A. indica, when compared to the usual medication, the plant was found to exhibit substantial anthelmintic activity. The present research concludes that neem has a variety of bioactive compounds. The findings of this study unequivocally show that A. indica is a significant source of helminthicide.</Abstract>
      <AbstractLanguage>English</AbstractLanguage>
      <Keywords>Clinical and laboratory findings, Factor to increase the transmission of helminthes, Introduction, Mode of transmission of helminthes, Pharmacological activity of Azadirachta indica</Keywords>
      <URLs>
        <Abstract>https://isfcppharmaspire.com/ubijournal-v1copy/journals/abstract.php?article_id=15069&amp;title=Effect of Azadirachta indica on Pheretima posthuma</Abstract>
      </URLs>
      <References>
        <ReferencesarticleTitle>References</ReferencesarticleTitle>
        <ReferencesfirstPage>16</ReferencesfirstPage>
        <ReferenceslastPage>19</ReferenceslastPage>
        <References>1. Rojas-Pirela M, Andrade-Alviand;aacute;rez D, Quiand;ntilde;ones W, Rojas MV, Castillo C, Liempi A,et al. microRNAs: Critical players during helminth infections. Microorganisms 2022;11:61.&#13;
2. Husin N, Pasaribu AP, Ali M, Suteno E, Wijaya W, Pasaribu S. Comparison of albendazole and mebendazole on soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-aged children. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022;10:1264-70.&#13;
3. Miswan N, Singham GV, Othman N. Advantages and limitations of microscopy and molecular detections for diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths: An overview. Helminthologia 2022;59:321-40.&#13;
4. Caldrer S, Ursini T, Santucci B, Motta L, Angheben A. Soil-transmitted helminths and anaemia: A neglected association outside the tropics. Microorganisms 2022;10:1027.&#13;
5. Wigati RA, Andiarsa D, Nurhidayati N, Ramadhani T, Anggraini YM. The Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminth Among Elementary School Students in Buton, Province of South Sulawesi. In: 1st International Conference for Health Research-BRIN (ICHR 2022). Amsterdam: Atlantis Press; 2023. p. 903-13.&#13;
6. Ibrahim AG, Tijani MK, Nwuba RI. A cross-sectional study of the prevalence and risk factors of soil transmitted helminthes infection and stunting among school-aged children in Ibadan. bioRxiv 2020.&#13;
7. Amoani B, Nakotey GK, Sakyi SA, Pomeyie K, Sewor C. Treatment failure, knowledge, attitude and practices related to schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthic infections among basic school pupils. In: New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research. London: IntechOpen; 2022.&#13;
8. Pukuma MS, Thadawus D, Augustine LM. Soil transmitted helminths among school aged children in Hong local government area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Anim Res Int 2022;19:4318-23. &#13;
9. Bhengu KN, Naidoo P, Singh R, Mpaka-Mbatha MN, Nembe N, Duma Z, et al. Immunological interactions between intestinal helminth infections and tuberculosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022;12:2676.&#13;
10. Kabatende J, Barry A, Mugisha M, Ntirenganya L, Bergman U, Bienvenu E, et al. Efficacy of singledose albendazole for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminthic infections among school children in Rwanda-a prospective cohort study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023;16:139.&#13;
11. Le B, Clarke N, Hii SF, Byrne A, ZendejasHeredia PA, Lake S, et al. Using quantitative PCR to identify opportunities to strengthen soil-transmitted helminth control in Solomon Islands: A crosssectional epidemiological survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022;16:e0010350.&#13;
12. Khan A, Jamil M, Ullah S, Ramzan F, Khan H, Ullah N, et al. The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock and their health hazards: A review. World Vet J 2023;13:57-64.&#13;
13. Scholz T, Kuchta R, Oros M. Tapeworms as pathogens of fish: A review. J Fish Dis 2021;44:1883-900.&#13;
14. Blair D. Lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus: Ancient and re-emerging pathogens. Parasitology 2022;149:1286-95.&#13;
15. Fauziah N, Ar-Rizqi MA, Hana S, Patahuddin NM, Diptyanusa A. Stunting as a risk factor of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in children: A literature review. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022;2022:8929025.&#13;
16. Oyewole OE, Simon-Oke IA. Ecological risk factors of soil-transmitted helminths infections in Ifedore district, Southwest Nigeria. Bull Natl Res Cent 2022;46:13.&#13;
17. Avokpaho EF, Houngband;eacute;gnon P, Accrombessi M, Atindand;eacute;gla E, Yard E, Rubin Means A, et al. Factors associated with soil-transmitted helminths infection in Benin: Findings from the DeWorm3 study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021;15:e0009646.&#13;
18. Hussein A, Alemu M, Ayehu A. Soil contamination and infection of school children by soil-transmitted helminths and associated factors at Kola Diba primary school, Northwest Ethiopia: An institution-based cross-sectional study. J Trop Med 2022;2022:4561561.&#13;
19. Zeynudin A, Degefa T, Tesfaye M, Suleman S, Yesuf EA, Hajikelil Z, et al. Prevalence and intensity of soiltransmitted helminth infections and associated risk factors among household heads living in the peri-urban areas of Jimma town, Oromia, Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022;17:e0274702.&#13;
20. Getaneh M, Hailegebriel T, Munshea A, Nibret E. Prevalence and associated risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth infections among schoolchildren around lake Tana, Northwest Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022;2022:4603638.&#13;
21. Aemiro A, Menkir S, Tegen D, Tola G. Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthes and associated risk factors among people of Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis (Auckl) 2022;15:1-20.&#13;
22. Kretchy JP. Soil-transmissible helminths infections; Diagnosis, transmission dynamics, and disease management strategies in low-and middle-income countries. In: Parasitic Helminths and Zoonoses-From Basic to Applied Research. London: IntechOpen; 2022.&#13;
23. Barnabas FO, Dahal AS, Damen JG, Udo WP, Mantu EC, Joseph SN, et al. Soil-transmitted helminths contamination of carrots and cucumbers, and molecular identification of Ascaris lumbricoides in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. Niger J Med 2022;31:652-7.&#13;
24. He ST, Wu JC, Zheng YX, Zhang YP, Li SH, Peng XM. The complete chloroplast genome of the genus Azadirachta. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022;7:1267-9.&#13;
25. Saxena P, Chakdar H, Singh A, Shirodkar S, Srivastava AK. Microbial diversity of Azadirachta indica (Neem) gum: An unexplored niche. J Appl Biol&#13;
Biotechnol 2023;11:209-19.&#13;
26. Sahoo DD, Sharma D. Neem: A good immune booster and blood purifier. And Its Benefits 2022;?5:123.&#13;
27. Tak RS, Solanke DK, Shirude YC, Pardikar AS, Kaur H. The Azadirachta indica bark and cow urine for the treatment of urticaria (hives). J Res Appl Sci Biotechnol 2022;1:26-9.&#13;
28. Reddy IV, Neelima P. Neem (Azadirachta indica): A review on medicinal Kalpavriksha. Int J Econ Plants 2022;9:59-63.&#13;
29. Asghar HA, Syed QA, Shukat R, Israr B. EXPLORING the prophylactic potential of Azadirachta indica leaf extract against dyslipidemia. J Ethnopharmacol 2023;303:116008.&#13;
30. Baby AR, Freire TB, de Argollo Marques G, Rijo P, Lima FV, de Carvalho JC, et al. Azadirachta indica (neem) as a Potential natural active for dermocosmetic and topical products: A narrative review. Cosmetics 2022;9:58.&#13;
31. Tauheed AM, Mamman M, Ahmed A, Suleiman MM, Balogun EO. Partially purified leaf fractions ofAzadirachta indica inhibit trypanosome alternative oxidase and exert antitrypanosomal effects on Trypanosoma congolense. Acta Parasitol 2022;67:120-9.&#13;
32. Rathod VS, Pawar PS, Gorde AB. A review on pharmacological importance of Azadirachta indica. World J Pharm Res 2022;11:412-9.&#13;
33. Abu Hawsah M, Al-Otaibi T, Alojayri G, Al-Shaebi EM, Dkhil MA, Elkhadragy MF, et al. In vitro studies for the antiparasitic activities of Azadirachta indica extract. Food Sci Technol 2023;43:e117122.&#13;
34. IfedibaluChukwu EI, Aparoop D, Kamaruz Z. Antidiabetic, anthelmintic and antioxidation properties of novel and new phytocompounds isolated from the methanolic stem-bark of Vernonia amygdalina Delile (Asteraceae). Sci Afr 2020;10:e00578.&#13;
35. Ibekwe HA. In vitro anthelmintic activities of aqueous crude extract of Azadirachta indica on Paramphistomum cervi and Fasciola hepatica. Int J Vet Sci Anim Husbandry 2019;4:14-8.&#13;
36. Islas JF, Acosta E, G-Buentello Z, Delgado-Gallegos JL, Moreno-Treviand;ntilde;o MG, Escalante B, et al. An overview of neem (Azadirachta indica) and its potential impact on health. J Funct Foods 2020;74:104171. &#13;
37. Asghar HA, Abbas SQ, Arshad MK, Jabin A, Usman B, Aslam M, et al. Therapeutic potential of Azadirachta indica (neem)-a comprehensive review. Scholars Int J Tradit Complement Med 2022;5:47-64.&#13;
38. Batool S, Munir F, Sindhu ZU, Abbas RZ, Aslam B, Khan MK, et al. In vitro anthelmintic activity of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Melia Azedarach&#13;
(bakain) essential oils and their silver nanoparticles against Haemonchus contortus. Agrobiological Rec 2023;11:6-12.&#13;
39. Rehman T, El-Mansi AA, Alhag SK, Al-Shuraym LA, Saeed Z, Arif M, et al. Antiparasitic activity of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Azadirachta indica against Haemonchus contortus. Pak Vet J 2023;43:199-203.</References>
      </References>
    </Journal>
  </Article>
</ArticleSet>